Siena was ruled by a governor appointed by the grand duke. In 1803, the first King of Etruria, Louis I, died and was succeeded by his infant son, Charles Louis, under the regency of his mother, Queen María Luisa. In 1569, Cosimo was elevated to the rank of Grand duke of Tuscany in 1569 by Pope Pius V.[18] Medici rule continued into the Grand Duchy of Tuscany until the family became extinct in 1737. Cosimo III was of a puritan character, banning May celebrations, forcing prostitutes to pay for licenses and, beheading sodomites. The second Duke, Cosimo I, established a strong Florentine navy and expanded his territory, purchasing Elba and conquering Siena. Cosimo experienced several personal tragedies during the later years of his reign. [25], Tuscany participated in the Wars of Castro (the last time Medicean Tuscany proper was involved in a conflict) and inflicted a defeat on the forces of Urban VIII in 1643. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor proclaimed Alessandro de' Medici, ruler of Florence "for his lifetime, and after his death to be succeeded by his sons, male heirs and successors, of his body, by order of primogeniture, and failing them by the closest male of the Medici family, and likewise in succession forever, by order of primogeniture. Tuscany during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; House of Commons, John Bowring, 1839, p 6, Austria and Spain were ruled by the House of Habsburg; the two are interchangeable terms for the time period in question, Mora, G. (1959) Vincenzo Chiarugi (1759–1820) and his psychiatric reform in Florence in the late 18th century (on the occasion of the bi-centenary of his birth), Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine, "COSIMO III de' Medici, granduca di Toscana in "Dizionario Biografico, "Leopold II (holy Roman emperor) -- Encyclopædia Britannica", Bandiere degli Stati italiani preunitari: Toscana, "Leopold II (grand duke of Tuscany) -- Encyclopædia Britannica", Parliamentary papers, Volume 16 By the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. [3], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. The Duchy of Milan was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire in northern Italy. The Tuscans despised the new occupying "Lorrainers", as they interfered with the Tuscan government, while the occupying Spaniards had not done so. [21] Cosimo II's twelve-year reign was punctuated by his contented marriage with Maria Maddalena and his patronage of astronomer Galileo Galilei. In December 1859, the Grand Duchy was joined to the Duchies of Modena and Parma to form the United Provinces of Central Italy, which were annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia a few months later. [43], Leopold developed and supported many social and economic reforms. [2][3] Following the Republic's surrender in the Siege of Florence, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issued a proclamation explicitly stating that he and he alone could determine the government of Florence. [9] In 1535, several prominent Florentine families, including the Pazzi (who attempted to kill Lorenzo de' Medici in the Pazzi Conspiracy) dispatched a delegation under Ippolito de' Medici, asking Charles V to depose Alessandro. They were divided because the stato nuovo was a Spanish fief and the stato vecchio an Imperial one. The Duchy of Florence was an Italian principality that was centred on the city of Florence, in Tuscany, Italy [10] Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and his cousin King Philip II of Spain reacted quite angrily, as Florence was an Imperial fief and declared Pius V's actions invalid. Consisted of the Duchy of Milan, Republic of Genoa, Republic of Florence, Republic of Venice, Papal States, ad the Kingdom of Naples. [29], Cosimo III's reign was characterised by drastic changes and a sharp decline of the Grand Duchy. This is the last stage in the political history of Florence as a distinct state; henceforth the political history of the city is that of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Francis was reluctant to resign the duchy, but Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (Maria Theresa's father) stated that if he didn't relinquish his rights to Lorraine, he could not marry Maria Theresa. The Peace of Villafranca allowed Leopold to return once more. The said revolution toppled the throne of France, and caused disarray across Europe. On 12 August 1530, the Emperor created the Medici hereditary rulers (capo) of the Republicof … Region of Pistoia Tuscany also has the Capital District of F… Cosimo married Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a granddaughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. Francis did not live in his Tuscan realm, and lived in the capital of his wife's realm, Vienna. Ferdinand III resumed his rule, and died in 1824. Cosimo frequently paid the Holy Roman Emperor, his feudal overlord, high dues. In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected as Pope Leo XI. [9] Rumours circulated at the Viennese court that had Cosimo as a candidate for King of England. Leopold was contemporarily acknowledged as a liberal monarch. 1. Another way to form a monarchy is by the event to form Tuscany (which … The Duchy of Florence was an Italian principality that was centred on the city of Florence, in Tuscany, Italy Neither of Cosimo's two sons was a suitable heir; Ferdinando was an alcoholic and epileptic, while his younger son, Gian Gastone, according to historian Paul Strathern, was not appropriate material[clarification needed] for the role of sovereign. After a period under Lombard rule, the duchy of Tuscia, which covered Tuscany, Umbria, much of Lazio and Corsica, fell under the control of the Holy Roman Empire, created in 800 when Charlemagne was crowned by the pope in Rome. [56], Gian Gastone, the last Medici, resigned the grand duchy to Francis Stephen of Lorraine. He died at Innsbruck from a stroke in 1765; his wife pledged the rest of her life to mourning him, while co-ruling with her son, and Francis' imperial successor Joseph II. Ferdinando, despite no longer being a cardinal, exercised much influence at successive Papal conclaves; elections which chose the Pope, the head of the Catholic Church. Leopold's concept of this was based on respect for the political rights of citizens and on a harmony of power between the executive and the legislative. [7] In April 1532, the Pope convinced the Balía, Florence's ruling commission, to draw up a new constitution, which formally created a hereditary monarchy. Region of Livorno 1. [8] Cosimo also was a long-term supporter of Pope Pius V, who in the light of Florence's expansion in August 1569 declared Cosimo Grand Duke of Tuscany, a title unprecedented in Italy. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Italian: Granducato di Toscana; Latin: Magnus Ducatus Etruriae) was a central Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Republic of Florence. [16] Ferdinando sponsored a Tuscan colony in America, with the intention of establishing a Tuscan settlement in the area of what is now French Guiana. Region of Masacarara 1. His affinity for Austria was equally unpalatable. The Duke of Lucca decided to abdicate his throne in favor of the Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopoldo II, while the Lucca territories of Montignoso, Gallicano, Minucciano and Castiglione di Garfagnana were given to Modena. Papal States 5. [47][48], The Napoleonic system collapsed in 1814, and the following territorial settlement, the Congress of Vienna, ceded the State of Presidi to a restored Tuscany. Republic of Florence 4. The imagery of women in Bronzino’s paintings 1540-1560 Eleonora of Toledo Cosimo I (1519-1574) belonged to the powerful and wealthy Medici family, whose destiny was tightly intertwined with that of the city of Florence. His wife, Eleanor of Toledo, died in 1562, along with four of his children due to a plague epidemic in Florence. Signori (Signoria) A council, first of six, and later of eight members, governed the city of Florence. The grand duchy's capital was Florence. [33] The once powerful navy was reduced to a pitiful state.[34]. [15] He commanded the draining of the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in Southern Tuscany, and cultivated trade in Livorno. On 22 March 1860, after a referendum that voted overwhelmingly (95%[5]) in favour of a union with Sardinia; Tuscany was formally annexed to Sardinia. During the War of the League of Cognac, the Florentines rebelled against the Medici, then represented by Ippolito de' Medici, and restored the freedom of their republic. Leopold also abolished capital punishment. He later proved through an experiment that the period taken by a swinging pend… Region of Prato 1. Leopold himself died in 1792. Lua error in Module:Coordinates at line 668: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. [52] Pope Clement VII willed his relative Alessandro de' Medici to be the monarchical ruler of Florence, and went about requisitioning that dignity carefully; he wanted to give the impression that the Florentines democratically chose Alessandro to be their monarch. Duchy of Milan 3. The duchy of Tuscany When Spanish arms restored the Medici to Florence in 1530, they bestowed on them the title “dukes of Tuscany.” After the assassination of the first duke, Alessandro, in 1537, Cosimo I (ruled 1537–74) succeeded him and developed a strong absolutist state. [43] Smallpox vaccination was made systematically available (Leopold's mother Maria Theresa had been a huge supporter on inoculation against smallpox), and an early institution for the rehabilitation of juvenile delinquents was founded. The Duchy of Florence (Italian: Ducato di Firenze) was an Italian principality that was centred on the city of Florence, in Tuscany, Italy. It abolished the age-old signoria (elective government) and the office of gonfaloniere (titular head-of-state elected for a two month-term) and replaced it with three institutions: Even after Alessandro's accession, Imperial troops remained stationed in Florence. Marie's father Stanisław I of Poland ruled Lorraine as compensation for his loss of the Kingdom of Poland. Francis I (as Francis Stephen became known) lived in Florence briefly with his wife, the Habsburg heiress Maria Theresa, who became Tuscany's grand duchess. [17] Cosimo commissioned the architect Vasari to build the Uffizi, as offices for the Medici bank, continuing the Medici tradition of patronage of the arts. Administered by Florence during the Middle Ages as the League of Chianti, these lands were contested through the centuries by Arezzo, Siena and Florence, until 1555 when all … Additionally, the senate appointed the commissions of war and public security, and the governors of Pisa, Arezzo, Prato, Voltera and Cortona and ambassadors. Retrieved from "http://wappenwiki.org/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Florence&oldid=51748" [1], Florence had been under informal Medici control since 1434. The Grand Duchy of five is divided into eight regions.These are: 1. Ferdinand aligned Tuscany with Austria.[49]. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was a central Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859, replacing the Duchy of Florence. During much of its existence, it was wedged between Savoy to the west, Venice to the ea… By 1705, the grand ducal treasury was virtually bankrupt, and the population of Florence had declined by approximately 50%, while the population of the entire grand duchy had decreased by an estimated 40%. [5] The plan was about to be approved by the powers convened at Geertruidenberg when Cosimo abruptly added that if himself and his two sons predeceased his daughter, the Electress Palatine, she should succeed and the republic be re-instituted following her death. [45] His second son Ferdinand became ruler of the Grand Duchy. [15] He shifted Tuscany away from Habsburg[17] hegemony by marrying the first non-Habsburg candidate since Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, Christina of Lorraine, a granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. by Julius Caesar. [12] Cosimo's reign was one of the most militaristic Tuscany had ever seen. Torture was also banned. [24] In 1657, Leopoldo de' Medici, the Grand Duke's youngest brother, established the Accademia del Cimento, which set up to attract scientists from all over Tuscany to Florence for mutual study. During the War of the League of Cognac, the Florentines rebelled against the Medici, then represented by Ippolito de' Medici, and restored the freedom of their republic. [49] The Austrian garrison was withdrawn in 1855. On 30 May 1808, Etruria was formally annexed to France. Girolamo Savonarola (UK: / ˌ s æ v ɒ n ə ˈ r oʊ l ə /, US: / ˌ s æ v ə n-, s ə ˌ v ɒ n-/, Italian: [dʒiˈrɔːlamo savonaˈrɔːla]; 21 September 1452 – 23 May 1498) was an Italian Dominican friar from Ferrara and preacher active in Renaissance Florence.He was known for his prophecies of civic glory, the destruction of secular art and culture, and his calls for Christian renewal. Region of Lucca 1. The Senate, composed of forty-eight men, chosen by the constitutional reform commission, was vested with the prerogative of determining Florence's financial, security, and foreign policies. Tuscany was formally annexed to Sardinia in 1860, as a part of the unification of Italy, following a landslide referendum, in which 95% of voters approved. When it was released, the lamp oscillated back and forward gradually with decreasing amplitude. This led to a regency of Ferdinand's grandmother, Dowager Grand Duchess Christina, and his mother, Maria Maddalena of Austria. Charles had no intention of deposing Alessandro, who was married to Charles' daughter Margaret of Parma. Ferdinand IV's hypothetical reign didn't last long; the House of Habsburg-Lorraine was formally deposed by the National Assembly on 16 August 1859.[49]. Following the Republic's surrender in the Siege of Florence, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issued a proclamation explicitly stating that he and he alone could determine the government of Florence. When Cosimo died, his oldest son, Ferdinando, was still a minor. The Grand-Duchy of Tuscany See also the heraldry of Tuscany.. Brief History; The Republic of Florence (to 1530) The Medici grand-dukes of Tuscany (1569-1737) The Habsburg grand-dukes (1737-1801, 1814-60) and the Kingdom of Etruria (1801-07) In 1569, Cosimo de' Medicihad ruled the Duchy of Florencefor 32 years. Chiarugi and his collaborators introduced new humanitarian regulations in the running of the hospital and caring for the mentally ill patients, including banning the use of chains and physical punishment, and in so doing have been recognized as early pioneers of what later came to be known as the moral treatment movement.[46]. Leopold II lent his support to the Kingdom of Sardinia in the Austro-Sardinian War. [13] Cosimo completely overhauled the bureaucracy and administration of Florence. On April 17, 1555, Florence and Spain occupied the territory of Siena, which, in July 1557 Philip II of Spain bestowed on Cosimo as a hereditary fiefdom. [4], Francis Stephen of Lorraine, a cognatic descendant of the Medici, succeeded the family and ascended the throne of his Medicean ancestors. [4] On 12 August 1530, the Emperor created the Medici hereditary rulers (capo) of the Republic of Florence.[2][5]. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was an independent and sovereign state in 1776 when the United States declared independence from Great Britain. While not as internationally renowned as the old republic, the grand duchy thrived under the Medici and it bore witness to unprecedented economic and military success under Cosimo I and his sons, until the reign of Ferdinando II, which saw the beginning of the state's long economic decline. The duchy was founded after Emperor Charles V restored Medici rule to Florence in 1530. "[5], Following the Republic's surrender in the Siege of Florence, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issued a proclamation explicitly stating that he and he alone could determine the government of Florence. Although the U.S. Continental Congress appointed a Commissioner to the Court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany on July 1, 1777, the U.S. representative, Ralph Izard, was never officially received in Florence. Together with Florence, Siena was the chief economic, political, and cultural center of Tuscany in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance. [14] He was succeeded by Ferdinando de' Medici, his younger brother, whom he loathed. [22] His mother and grandmother arranged a marriage with Vittoria della Rovere, a granddaughter of the Duke of Urbino, in 1634. Florence starts as an Oligarchic Republic, this means that upon ruler death the player will be able to decide which government form to choose. [5], Civil flag and civil ensign(1815-1848, 1849-1860), State flag with Lesser Coat of arms(1815-1848, 1849-1860), State flag with Great Coat of arms(1765-1800, 1815–1848, 1849-1860)[44], Flag of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany(1848-1849), Lesser Coat of arms(1815-1848, 1849-1860), Great Coat of arms(1765-1800, 1815–1848, 1849-1860)[44], Flag of Grand Duchy of Tuscany(1562-1737), Former Italian state (1569–1801; 1815–1859). Francis had to cede his ancestral Duchy of Lorraine in order to accommodate the deposed ruler of Poland, whose daughter Marie Leszczyńska became Queen of France and of Navarre in 1725. Queen Catherine of France, though herself a Medici, viewed Cosimo with the utmost disdain. Pope Clement VII, himself a Medici, appointed his relative Alessandro de' Medici as Duke of the Florentine Republic, thereby transforming the Republic of Florence into a hereditary monarchy. Leopold felt obliged to espouse Austria's cause. The Medici ruled the Grand Duchy of Tuscany until 1737. Cosimo contemplated restoring the Republic of Florence,[5][38] a decision that was complicated by the Grand Duchy's feudal status: Florence was an Imperial fief, Siena a Spanish one. The two areas were governed by separate laws. [54] The Council of Two Hundred was a petitions court; membership was for life. [5] Vittoria della Rovere brought the Duchies of Montefeltro and Rovere into the family in 1631, upon her death in 1694, they passed to her younger son, Francesco Maria de' Medici. He capitulated to foreign demands, and instead of endorsing the claim to the throne of his closest male relative, the prince of Ottajano, he allowed Tuscany to be bestowed upon Francis Stephen of Lorraine. [37] Europe heard of the perils of Tuscany, and Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor asserted a remote claim to the grand duchy (through some Medici descent), but died before he could press the matter. They reverted to the crown with the ascension of Gian Gastone. Cosimo I died in 1574 of apoplexy, leaving a stable and extremely prosperous Tuscany behind him, having been the longest ruling Medici yet. This constitution was still in effect through the Medicean grand duchy, albeit the institutions decayed and powerless by the rule of Ferdinando II. Like his uncle, Francesco I, government held no appeal for him, and Tuscany was ruled by his ministers. Following the collapse of the Napoleonic system in 1814, the grand duchy was restored. Cosimo founded the port city of Livorno and allowed the city’s inhabitants to enjoy freedom of religion. He was elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1745. “During this period, Italy—and in the fifteenth century, Florence above all—is the seat of an artistic, humanistic, technological, and scientific flowering known as the Renaissance. Much to their dismay, the Emperor rejected their appeal. In 1790, Emperor Joseph II died without issue and Leopold was called to Vienna, to assume the rule of his family's Austrian dominions and become Emperor. Ruling house of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1569–1737 Succeeded by House of Lorraine: Last edited on 6 December 2020, at 16:08. The grand duke Leopold II agreed to ratify a liberal constitution in 1848. [20] Ferdinando's pro-Papal foreign policy, however, had drawbacks. Pope Clement VII intended his relative[6] Alessandro de' Medici to be the ruler of Florence, but also wanted to give the impression that the Florentines had democratically chosen Alessandro as their ruler. the Council of Two Hundred was a petitions court; membership was for life. Leopold also approved and collaborated on the development of a political constitution, said to have anticipated by many years the promulgation of the French constitution and which presented some similarities with the Virginia Bill of Rights of 1778. [5] The title "duke of Florence" was chosen because it would bolster Medici power in the region. [51] On 12 August 1530, the Emperor created the Medici hereditary rulers (capo) of the Republic of Florence. [45], Leopold also introduced radical reforms to the system of neglect and inhumane treatment of the mentally ill. On 23 January 1774, the legge sui pazzi (law regarding the insane) was established, the first of its kind to be introduced in Europe, allowing steps to be taken to hospitalize individuals deemed insane. In Tuscany, Leopold II sanctioned a liberal constitution; and instituted a liberal ministry. When the new Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in 1861 Florence was chosen as the seat of government and remained such till 1871. These measures, which disturbed the deeply rooted convictions of his people and brought him into collision with the pope, were not successful. [16] Ferdinando was forced to marry his heir, Cosimo, to Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria to assuage Spain (where Maria Maddalena's sister was the incumbent Queen consort). Cosimo de’ Medici (1519–74), great-great-grandson of Lorenzo, became duke of Florence, then grand duke of Tuscany (1569), and reigned as Cosimo I. Parliament. Tuscany passed to another son, Leopold. By the end of the 11th century, particularly under the administration of Countess Matilda Canossa, the duchy had achieved considerable independence. Republic of Venice - most politically stable-> controlled Mediterranean commerce - had state fleet more than 3000 ships & huge arsenal that produced ship parts, cannons, other related products - ruled by a doge/duke Under him, Tuscany was ruled by a viceroy, Marc de Beauvau-Craon, Prince de Craon. Christina dominated her grandson long after he came of age until her death in 1636. Ferdinand was the son of the incumbent Grand Duke, and Grand Duchess Maria Louisa. [35] He sent munitions to the Emperor during the Battle of Vienna. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany in 1815 to 1847. Christina heavily relied on priests as advisors, lifting Cosimo I's ban on clergy holding administrative roles in government, and promoted monasticism. The document in question was officiated on the 27th of that month. Etruria lasted less than a decade. Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; however, his inaction in international affairs drew Tuscany into the provincial yolk of politics. In March 1809 a "General Government of the Departments of Tuscany" was set up, and Napoleon Bonaparte put his sister Elisa Bonaparte at its head, with the title of Grand Duchess of Tuscany. The city had constituted a republic just before her death. [14] Francesco is best remembered for dying on the same day as his second wife, Bianca Cappello, spurring rumours of poisoning. If Leopold's line were to become extinct, it would revert to the main line. 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