Vivek Chadha replies: India's internal security problems are a manifestation of internal weaknesses and external attempts at waging a proxy war. Proxy wars are fought through a third state without being directly involved in the war. Company’s Financials Pakistan wanted to counter the alleged Indian threat by building up its military strength and was not averse to maintaining relations with the Great Powers.1 This was evident when in 1954 it entered into a Mutual Security Pact with the US which changed the whole context of the problems existing between India and Pakistan. Hence, India and Pakistan started building their naval strength which has become a commendable force. The Muslim organisations are funded by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, etc. The freedom of India and Pakistan from the British rule was the beginning of another era filled with chaos, confusion, hatred, conflict. The Awami League destroyed the dominance of the Pakistan People's Party at the central level and this was not acceptable to the ruling elites of West Pakistan. The attention of the respective governments was diverted towards their internal issues. The Tibetan uprising in 1959 led India to buy transport planes and helicopters from the Soviet Union as the Soviets were prepared to accept payment in Indian currency. In 1977, the US enacted the Symington Amendment, which prohibits aid to countries with uranium enrichment facilities. An amphibious assault ship, the Tripoli, with a battalion of 800 Marines, three guided missile escorts, four destroyers, a nuclear attack submarine, and an oiler were sent by the US to support Pakistan to change the outcome of the war. General Zia, as a counter-step helped Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP), an anti-Shia Deobandi religious organization. Anarchy in the international arena has destroyed lives due to the demolition wreaked. However, violent non-state actors, mercenaries or other third parties are more often employed. In the course of time, the Cold War rivalry between the two Great Powers percolated down to South Asia. The geo-strategic location of Kashmir with a predominant Muslim population was the paradise and asset that Pakistan was determined to gain. Vajpayee and pin-up. The Pokhran explosion had led the US to think about matters of proliferation. Refer Ratna Tikoo, Indo-Pak Relations: Politics of Divergence and Convergence (Delhi: National Publishing House, 1987), p. 220. Refer The Pioneer, May 12, 1998 and The Statesman, May 14, 1998. The neutral stand taken by the US during the September 1965 War further infuriated Pakistan as it had expected the US to use its influence to stop the Indian invasion across the international line which threatened Pakistan's independence. 16. The arms embargo fell heavily on Pakistan as it was dependent on American supplies. The Pakistani nuclear programme received a momentum by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Saturday, December 19, 2020. However, much of the world is busy in different wars, especially in proxy wars. K.K. Refer Abba Dixit, "India, Pakistan and the Great Powers" in Jasjit Singh ed., India and Pakistan: Crisis of Relationship (New Delhi: Lancers International, 1990), p. 21. The Chinese scientists have been visiting Kahuta and China has provided a design of one of its own atomic bombs and enough highly enriched uranium for two bombs.19 The Chinese technological assistance to the Pakistani nuclear programme is to counter-balance India's dominance in the region. 12. 14. But when it comes to its neighbor, a realistic assessment reveals India’s capabilities are highly confined for various reasons. This led the US government to impose an arms embargo on both the belligerents on September 8, 1965. India's role as a regional power was asserted. Pakistani diplomacy and military strategy were harnessed to seek active Western assistance, notably the US aid, by projecting the border dispute as a possible Indian hegemonic design abetted by the forces of Communism. Major powers have been highlighted in bold. The interest shown by China in the Indo-Pak subcontinent became a matter of concern to the American policy makers. The root of the Indo-Pak confrontation stemmed from the communal antagonism which was deep-rooted in the demographic distribution of their territories. 26, no. COMPETITIVE patriotism is the mood of the moment on the subcontinent. Turkey shot down the fighter planes of Russia in Syria. Refer POT (P), vol. While the withdrawal of the Soviet forces from Afghanistan did not reduce the shared interests between the US and Pakistan, it changed the tenor. The political stability of South Asia got shaken when the American U-2 spy plane was shot down by the Soviets in May 1960.4 The plane had reportedly taken off from a Pakistani base. However, violent non-state actors, mercenaries or other third parties are more often employed. Refer Shrikant Paranjpe, US Non-Proliferation Policy in Action: South Asia (New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1987), p. 22. The Indian subcontinent, by virtue of its geo-strategic location and population, for many years has been a central area of the Great Power struggle for influence. The glacier opens at the Nubra Valley in Ladakh and can provide access to inimical powers to enter Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir. As discussed earlier, the external powers were indirectly involved in the regional wars (through arms aid) and actively involved in the Security Council, thus, exacerbating the already existing tensions. It also tried to accumulate weapons from all the available sources. Lead Stories India and Pakistan in the course of their foreign policy utilised the superpowers' rivalry to their advantage. Rich Pakistan With Abdul Rehman 57,787 views 10:02 CCS Board of Education Special Session Meeting 08/06/2020 Caldwell County Schools Board of Education 563 watching America had been constantly supplying weapons to Pakistan in pursuance of its policy of the Containment of Communism which was further aggravated by the presence of the Soviets in Afghanistan and the collapse of its Iranian ally. This paper tries to study the presence of the external powers in the region and their association with India and Pakistan. Proxy wars are the product of a relationship between a benefactor, who is a state or non-state actor external to the dynamic of an existing conflict, and the chosen proxies who are the conduit for the benefactor’s weapons, training and funding. On March 25, fresh riots broke out, resulting in the migration of East Bengalis towards India. Refer Nisha Sahai Achuthan, Soviet Arms Transfer Policy in South Asia 1955-81 (New Delhi: Lancers International, 1988), pp. In short, proxy wars … Arms and ammunition flow from Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (POK) towards Jammu and Kashmir. A proxy war involves the use of third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly while powers have sometimes even used governments as proxies. The treaty formalised the Indo-Soviet friendship assuring the former of solid support in and outside the UNO. 7. A proxy war is an armed conflict between two states or non-state actors which act on the instigation or on behalf of other parties that are not directly involved in the hostilities. China has always considered it the sovereign right of any nation to develop its own nuclear weapons.31 However, after the nuclear tests conducted by India, China reacted strongly and urged the US to take stringent measures against India. 3. Chopra, Genesis of Indo-Pakistan Conflict on Kashmir (New Delhi: Patriot Publishers, 1990), pp. Both sides agreed to the ceasefire line in 1949. With the presence of the Russian forces in Afghanistan the significance of Pakistan as a frontline state for American interests was once again established, and in the process, the Symington Law was removed in May 1981 for six years and again in 1987 for two years.17 The US arms sales and military assistance to Pakistan was resumed under the pretext that it would provide a sense of security vis-a-vis India and the US would be able to stall Pakistan's nuclear efforts. Inadequate socio-economic development, apathy towards the genuine grievances of the people, political brinkmanship amongst other reasons, has created internal contradictions, which have led to over five decades of internal strife. Terms & Conditions, Copyright © 2020 Daily Times Website Developed By Daily Times Developers. 8, November 1995, p. 1144. The American government argued that Pakistan had agreed for the establishment of political autonomy of the Eastern sector after the American mediation in November 1971. Refer H.S. The Recent Constitutional and Legal Debates, the Latest Constitutional Amendments and Important Legislations, Legal Cases and the Role of Higher Courts. In The Brookings Essay, Historian William Dalrymple examines Afghanistan's future as the U.S. and allies withdraw, a future caught between India and Pakistan in a potentially deadly proxy war. For example, Pakistan's willingness to accommodate the American interests not only brought the external power into the subcontinent but also strengthened its confrontationist anti-India stance. Though it had pledged to respect the Treaty of Peace and Friendship with India, it also made efforts to develop relations with Pakistan. 12, March 1997, p. 1603. The Indian government opened its border at the eastern sector for the refugees whose numbers had reached approximately ten million. 29. Pakistan has also been cultivating relations with the Muslims of the Terai and India through setting up Muslim organisations which not only impart training and religious education but also foment anti-India activities. Political Parties, Role of feudal, business and industrial classes. The Cold War tensions between India and Pakistan resulted in three wars over Kashmir. Refer Munir Ahmed Khan "Understanding Pakistan's Nuclear Plan," Defence Journal, vol. He recognised India as the primary threat and India's nuclear programme as directly against Pakistan, which became more pronounced in the Pakistani perception after the Pokhran explosion. With this strategic view, the war of 1948 was waged in which Pakistan occupied parts of Kashmir. Regional Wars or Proxy Wars The freedom of India and Pakistan from the British rule was the beginning of another era filled with chaos, confusion, hatred, conflict. In March 1965, Ayub Khan visited China and secured not only Chou-en-Lai's assurances of support to Pakistan in the event of an Indian aggression but also military supplies. The Soviets constantly issued protest notes to Pakistan that the US air bases in Pakistan had a direct bearing on their security. This paper tries to study the presence of the external powers in the region and their association with India and Pakistan. The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) is the main agency to supply weapons, finance, and guidance to the Kashmiri militants. The increasing numbers of refugees were a great concern to India because of its social and economic fallout. The spread of fundamentalism in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Jammu and Kashmir can spread to China's areas lying close to them and exacerbate its already prevalent ethnic problem in the Xinjiang province. On one side, there is an indirect conflict between nuclear rivals: Pakistan and India. Rajan, India's Foreign Policy and Relations (New Delhi: South Asian Publishers, 1985), pp. Despite the possession of nuclear weapons by India and Pakistan, there is a realisation that the nuclear weapons have only deterrent value and war is not the solution to any problem in the region. In March 1971, India sent a formal note to Pakistan desiring a summit between Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and President Bhutto. Thus, the Soviet Union vetoed all the resolutions in the Security Council which did not aim for ceasefire and recognition of the will of East Pakistan's population. In continuation of its theocratic ideology, Pakistan started pressurising the Maharajah of Kashmir who was undecided about joining either India or Pakistan, to join Pakistan. For the first time, the two superpowers were directly involved in the Indian Ocean over the Indo-Pak conflict.9 The crisis ended abruptly when Pakistani forces in Dacca unconditionally surrendered to the Indian forces on December 16. At one time, it looked as if a direct confrontation between the two external powers would take place in South Asia. The US government acknowledges Pakistan's involvement in aiding international terrorism but it also pronounces the violation of human rights as a problem in Kashmir. Economic Conditions of Pakistan, the Most Recent Economic Survey, the Previous and Current Budgets, and the Problems and Performance of Major Sectors of Economy. Editor’s Picks, Contact Pakistan's nuclear linkage with the Arab countries started around 1973 when an agreement was signed with Libya to finance Pakistan's acquisition of nuclear weapons.16 Pakistan's need was purely economic. China is still a key player in providing arms to Pakistan. The state of Jammu and Kashmir remained independent during partition and agreed to merge with India when the armed tribesman from Pakistan infiltrated into the state. Pakistan was the third country, after Turkey and Romania, to recognize Azerbaijan, and has close relations with that country. Russian Vice-President Alexander Rutskoi visited Pakistan in December 1992 where both sides agreed to cooperate in the field of defence.11. He said, "The real flashpoint in the world, as Pakistan has always been saying, is Kashmir where 600,000 Indian forces are carrying out human rights violations. India strived towards attainment of self-sufficiency in the nuclear programme but this was not possible for a newly independent country to achieve on its own. The UK was the first on the preference list of the suppliers of weapons as the existing arms and equipment were mainly of British origin and it was logical to replace the spare parts from the original source. However, with greater vigilance by the Indian armed forces on the western borders, Pakistan began to search for new avenues to carry out its activities--like Nepalto enter India. Pakistan felt let down by the US which should have extended help to them as per the assurances given to them when Pakistan joined the South-East Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO) and Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO). 3, Autumn 1993, p. 123. Pakistan proved useful to the US in its policy of Containment of Communism in the region. 28. 18. Subsequently, the Soviets despatched a force of six vessels to the Indian Ocean. India's dependence on England can also be attributed to its non-aligned policy of keeping out of the Cold War politics and it thus avoided purchase of arms either from the USA or the former USSR. The Chinese attack on India in 1962, however, placed the USSR in a delicate position as it was difficult for it not to support a Communist state, Hence, Moscow adopted a neutral position. Therefore, the US supports India in creating barriers against the project. 1, August 1993, p. 10. Economic Conditions of Pakistan, the Most Recent Economic Survey, the Previous and Current Budgets, and the Problems and Performance of Major Sectors of Economy. Sodhi "Living with Neighbours: Pakistan" Defence Today, vol. Since then, Pakistan has raised the issue as a champion of the rights of the Muslim Kashmiris. The people of the two countries feared the social and political turmoil which they had undergone. This led to the appointment of a United Nation's Commission on India and Pakistan (UNCIP) which proposed ceasefire, demilitarisation and plebiscite by its resolutions of August 13, 1948, and January 5, 1949. This is the Pakistani idea of "strategic depth." Shelton U. Kodikra, "South Asian Security Dilemmas in the Post-Cold War World" in Kanti P. Bajpai and Stephen P. Cohen eds., South Asia After the Cold War (Westview Press, 1993), p. 52. On March 1, 1971, following the replacement of the civilian Governor of East Pakistan by the Martial Law Administrator and the adjournment of the opening of the Constituent Assembly, riots broke out and many Biharis were massacred. In smaller groups Pakistan, by bits and small pieces, is attacking India. Pakistan feels that once the Kashmir dispute is resolved, there would be no more contentious issues with India. The Recent Constitutional and Legal Debates, the Latest Constitutional Amendments and Important Legislations, Legal Cases and the Role of Higher Courts. 37. We cannot ignore proxy wars being initiated by other countries inside Pakistan and it is up to our elite agencies to ensure that they do not let this menace raise its head in our country. The Russian policy towards the subcontinent also underwent some changes. Simultaneously, on April 6, 1979, the US cut off military and economic aid worth $90 million to Pakistan. The spectrum of Indo-Pakistan conflict has proxy war and nuclear capability at the two ends. A proxy war occurs when a major power instigates or plays a major role in supporting and directing a party to a conflict but does only a small portion of the actual fighting itself. The strong business lobby has urged the US not to impose sanctions against India. 27. 4. "23 He hoped that Pakistan would not respond to the Indian action but a few days later, Pakistan also conducted six nuclear tests on June 28 and 30. 3, July-September 1996, p. 334. 1-2, February-March 1995, p. 42. It is said that President Zia-ul-Haq had put into action a three-phase plan for the liberation of the Kashmir Valley. The Prime Ministers of India and Pakistan met at Tashkent on January 3, 1966. India was gradually opening up its market and liberalising its economy and the US companies could accrue benefits from the large Indian market. Refer S.P. 32. Indo-Pak Conflict and the Role of External Powers. To make the situation worse, new political, social and economic problems erupted, straining relations between the two countries. India, too, has played a significant role in Afghanistan and, as alleged by the security establishment, inside Pakistan, particularly in Balochistan but also in Fata and other parts. Latest News We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. 35. - It is the US which started the first proxy war in Afghanistan against the USSR using Pakistan and thus introducing the idea of proxy war in this region. On the following day, the State Department declared US neutrality in the Indo-Pak conflict. NOW PLAYING: Travel Pakistan still fighting proxy wars, says Rajnath Singh, also targets China The Times of India 13. Asia Aug 19th 1999 edition. Internal Enemies Following are Pakistan’s major internal enemies Lack of Nationalism: Lack of nationalism gave rise to many Pakistan. Aug 19th 1999. delhi AP. India accuses Pakistan only and refuses its involvement in Afghanistan while the Pakistani and Afghan officials repeatedly discussed the solutions to the proxy war. Phase two advocated more intense engagement of the Indian Army in Poonch or Siachen in order to keep them away from the valley, and destroy their base depots, airfields, radio stations and block the Banihal tunnel and Kargil-Leh highway with the help of Afghan Mujahideen from POK. 35, no. Home In phase one, low level insurgency in India was advocated which included planting people at key positions like police, financial institutions, etc; armed groups to be trained to meet the paramilitary forces; the lines of communications to be disrupted between Jammu and Kashmir; and exacerbation of anti-India feelings. However, during President Clinton's visit to China in July 1998, the issue was not raised for discussion. That would divert Pakistan ’ s major internal enemies Following are Pakistan ’ s proxy.! Fighting through Turkey ( proxy ) not directly arms control in South Asia 1955-81 ( Delhi. Achuthan, Soviet arms Transfer policy in South Asia, '' the Hindu, May,... 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