[40], Revivals and perfectionist hopes of improving individuals and society continued to increase from 1840 to 1865 across all major denominations, especially in urban areas. Conforti, Joseph. New religious movements emerged during the Second Great Awakening, such as Adventism, Dispensationalism, and the Latter Day Saint movement. Whitefield ignited the Great Awakening, a major religious revival that became the first major mass movement in American history. They began efforts to reform prisons and care for the handicapped and mentally ill. In an effort to give sermons that would resonate with the congregation, ministers stressed Christ's humility and forgiveness, in what the historian Barbara Welter calls a "feminization" of Christianity. The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious movement in the United States. They founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) in Philadelphia. Due to the efforts of such leaders as Stone and Alexander Campbell (1788–1866), the camp meeting revival spread religious enthusiasm and became a major mode of church expansion, especially for the Methodists and Baptists. All three of these congregations were under the ministry of James McGready. [19], The Methodist circuit riders and local Baptist preachers made enormous gains in increasing church membership. "The Historiography of the Second Great Awakening and the Problem of Historical Causation, 1945–2005". [10] Linda K. Pritchard uses statistical data to show that compared to the rest of New York State, the Ohio River Valley in the lower Midwest, and the country as a whole, the religiosity of the Burned-over District was typical rather than exceptional. Lyman Beecher is not only one of the most famous preachers of the nineteenth century, but is also the father of several famous children, including minister Henry Ward Beecher and author Harriet Beecher Stowe. [33] Despite white attempts to control independent African-American congregations, especially after the Nat Turner uprising of 1831, a number of African-American congregations managed to maintain their separation as independent congregations in Baptist associations. Baptists and Methodist revivals were successful in some parts of the Tidewater South, where an increasing number of common planters, plain folk, and slaves were converted. Bratt, James D. "Religious Anti-revivalism in Antebellum America", Carwardine, Richard J. The Second Great Awakening partly reshaped American religion by making it (A) more dependent on a college-educated clergy. Postmillennialists believed that Christ will return to earth after the "Millennium", which could entail either a literal 1,000 years or a figurative "long period" of peace and happiness. Though its roots are in the First Great Awakening and earlier, a re-emphasis on Wesleyan teachings on sanctification emerged during the Second Great Awakening, leading to a distinction between Mainline Methodism and Holiness churches. Ordinary people were encouraged to make a personal connection with God, instead of relying on a minister. The Second Great Awakening led to new religious movements such as the Holiness Movement and the Mormons, and helped groups like the Methodist Church grow.[2]. Long, Kimberly Bracken. It was led by people such as Charles Grandison Finney, Henry Ward Beecher, Lyman Beecher, Edward Everett and Joseph Smith. The Second and Third Awakenings were part of a much larger Romantic religious movement that was sweeping across England, Scotland, and Germany.[1]. However, women took other public roles; for example, relaying testimonials about their conversion experience, or assisting sinners (both male and female) through the conversion process. The Second Great Awakening, which spread religion through revival meetings and emotional preaching, sparked a number of reform movements. Churches with roots in this movement include the Churches of Christ, Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), and the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada. [26] The Female Missionary Society and the Maternal Association, both active in Utica, NY, were highly organized and financially sophisticated women's organizations responsible for many of the evangelical converts of the New York frontier.[27]. [15], The Revival of 1800 in Logan County, Kentucky, began as a traditional Presbyterian sacramental occasion. The revivals also followed an arc of great emotional power, with an emphasis on the individual's sins and need to turn to Christ, and a sense of restoring personal salvation. Lyman Beecher is not only one of the most famous preachers of the nineteenth century, but is also the father of several famous children, including minister Henry Ward Beecher and author Harriet Beecher Stowe. The camp meeting was a religious service of several days' length with preachers. [35] Women also took crucial roles in the conversion and religious upbringing of children. Main Menu. Stephen Meardon, "From Religious Revivals to Tariff Rancor: Preaching Free Trade and Protection during the Second American Party System,". In addition to his own achievements, Beecher fathered 13 children, several of whom had significant … [36], The greatest change in women's roles stemmed from participation in newly formalized missionary and reform societies. Shiels, Richard D. "The Second Great Awakening in Connecticut: Critique of the Traditional Interpretation". Rate it: Every artist dips his brush in his own soul, and paints his own nature into his pictures. The sheer exhilaration of participating in a religious revival with crowds of hundreds and perhaps thousands of people inspired the dancing, shouting, and singing associated with these events. 268,882 Pages. Women's prayer groups were an early and socially acceptable form of women's organization. Young people (those under 25) also converted in greater numbers, and were the first to convert. Various scholarly theories attribute the discrepancy to a reaction to the perceived sinfulness of youthful frivolity, an inherent greater sense of religiosity in women, a communal reaction to economic insecurity, or an assertion of the self in the face of patriarchal rule. This page was last changed on 11 April 2020, at 13:05. It is not clear why women converted in larger numbers than men. "Falling for the Lord: Shame, Revivalism, and the Origins of the Second Great Awakening.". [24]:368, Efforts to apply Christian teaching to the resolution of social problems presaged the Social Gospel of the late 19th century. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1981. Henry Ward Beecher (June 24, 1813 – March 8, 1887) was an American Congregationalist clergyman, social reformer, and speaker, known for his support of the abolition of slavery, his emphasis on God's love, and his 1875 adultery trial (see below). Beecher was influential in the Second Great Awakening, along with Charles Finney, Barton Stone and Peter Cartwright. This page was last edited on 16 December 2020, at 14:32. Like the First Great Awakening a half century earlier, the Second Great Awakening in North America reflected Romanticism characterized by enthusiasm, emotion, and an appeal to the supernatural. Lyman Beecher was a Presbyterian clergyman, temperance movement leader, and the father of several noted leaders, including Harriet Beecher Stowe, Henry Ward Beecher, Charles Beecher, Edward Beecher, Isabella Beecher Hooker, and Catharine Beecher, and a leader of the Second Great Awakening of … "The Frontier Camp Meeting: Contemporary and Historical Appraisals, 1805–1840". Griffin, Clifford S. "Religious Benevolence as Social Control, 1815–1860". [1] During the Second Great Awakening, thousands of people gathered at large religious meetings called revivals. [8][9] Charles Finney, a leading revivalist active in the area, coined the term. [37] Through women's positions in these organizations, women gained influence outside of the private sphere. They moved to Lawrenceburg, Indiana, where Beecher had a job as a minister. [19][20], The converts during the Second Great Awakening were predominantly female. Rate! All seven of his sons, including Henry Ward Beecher, followed their father into the ministry. Birdsall, Richard D. "The Second Great Awakening and the New England Social Order". "The Communion Sermons of James Mcgready: Sacramental Theology and Scots-Irish Piety on the Kentucky Frontier", Meyer, Neil. "[7] During the Second Great Awakening of the 1830s, some diviners expected the millennium to arrive in a few years. [34], Despite the predominance of women in the movement, they were not formally indoctrinated or given leading ministerial positions. List the 4 leaders of the Second Great Awakening. The Second Great Awakening, which spread religion through revival meetings and emotional preaching, sparked a number of reform movements. "The Invention of the Great Awakening, 1795–1842". [3] As the most effective form of evangelizing during this period, revival meetings cut across geographical boundaries. The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious movement in the United States. Beecher's Bibles Beecher City, Illinois Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Ohio) Second Great Awakening. [24]:368 While the leaders of one of the two primary groups making up this movement, Thomas Campbell and Alexander Campbell, resisted what they saw as the spiritual manipulation of the camp meetings, the revivals contributed to the development of the other major branch, led by Barton W. Barbara Leslie Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity. Beecher attended Amherst College, beginning in 1830, at the peak of what is now known as the Second Great Awakening. He was the eighth of the Rev. (D) more sympathetic to hierarchical churches like Catholicism. They did not stem entirely from the Second Great Awakening, but the revivalist doctrine and the expectation that one's conversion would lead to personal action accelerated the role of women's social benevolence work. While Protestant religion had previously played an important role on the American political scene, the Second Great Awakening strengthened the role it would play. – Henry Ward Beecher. Beecher was influential in the Second Great Awakening, along with Charles Finney, Barton Stone and Peter Cartwright. Thus, evangelical converts were leading figures in a variety of 19th century reform movements. Pietism was sweeping Germanic countries[4] and evangelicalism was waxing strong in England.[5]. The revival also inspired slaves to demand freedom. Home Menu Toggle; second great awakening leaders The awakening brought comfort in the face of uncertainty as a result of the socio-political changes in America. Johnson, Charles A. Evangelists often directly addressed issues such as slavery, greed, and poverty, laying the groundwork for later reform movements. The spirit of evangelical humanitarian reforms was carried on in the antebellum Whig party. Create or edit article. passed laws requiring them always to have a white man present at their worship meetings. He was also a co-founder of the American Temperance Society. By the late 1840s, however, the great day had receded to the distant future, and postmillennialism became a more passive religious dimension of the wider middle-class pursuit of reform and progress. The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious movement in the United States. Mathews, Donald G. "The Second Great Awakening as an organizing process, 1780–1830: An hypothesis". The Second and Third Awakenings were part of a much larger Romantic religious movement that was sweeping across England, Scotland, and Germany. Settlers in thinly populated areas gathered at the camp meeting for fellowship as well as worship. There were also societies that broadened their focus from traditional religious concerns to larger societal ones. By DEBBY APPLEGATE
The Reverend Henry Ward Beecher (1813-1887) was the most popular and controversial Christian minister in the United States for more than … Early Baptist congregations were formed by slaves and free African Americans in South Carolina and Virginia. [17], As a result of the Revival of 1800, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church emerged in Kentucky and became a strong support of the revivalist movement. The third and final phase (1825–35) stemmed from the activities of evangelist Charles Grandison Finney, who began his revivalism in small towns in western New York in the 1820s but eventually conducted revival meetings in the largest… [43], The religious enthusiasm of the Second Great Awakening was echoed by the new political enthusiasm of the Second Party System. The Second Great Awakening, which spread religion through revivals and emotional preaching, sparked a number of reform movements. 5.0 3 votes 3 votes Rate! During the period of revival, mothers were seen as the moral and spiritual foundation of the family, and were thus tasked with instructing children in matters of religion and ethics. [24]:368 The Southern phase of the Awakening "was an important matrix of Barton Stone's reform movement" and shaped the evangelistic techniques used by both Stone and the Campbells. Newer denominations, such as Methodists and Baptists, grew quickly. Henry Ward Beecher was regarded as the most popular Christian minister in the United States for more than 30 years of his life. [citation needed] Another key component of the revivalists' techniques was the camp meeting. While the movement unified the colonies and boosted church growth, experts say it also caused division among those who supported it and those who rejected it. Among the new denominations that grew from the religious ferment of the Second Great Awakening are the Churches of Christ, Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), the Seventh-day Adventist Church, and the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada. The Second Great Awakening served as an "organizing process" that created "a religious and educational infrastructure" across the western frontier that encompassed social networks, a religious journalism that provided mass communication, and church-related colleges. To immigrants in the early 19th century, the land in the United States seemed pristine, edenic and undefiled – "the perfect place to recover pure, uncorrupted and original Christianity" – and the tradition-bound European churches seemed out of place in this new setting. [29] His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown, Delaware, in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation.[30]. [28] Social activism influenced abolition groups and supporters of the Temperance movement. – Henry Ward Beecher. As a student at Amherst College, he helped found an abolitionist organization, which was promptly shut down by the faculty. They believed in the perfectibility of people and were highly moralistic in their endeavors. Interest in transforming the world was applied to mainstream political action, as temperance activists, antislavery advocates, and proponents of other variations of reform sought to implement their beliefs into national politics. Beecher, Henry Ward (24 June 1813–08 March 1887), preacher and reformer, was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, the son of Lyman Beecher, a leader of the Second Great Awakening, and Roxana Foote. Lyman Beecher. After first submitting to oversight by the established Methodist bishops, several AME congregations finally left to form the first independent African-American denomination in the United States in 1816. The Great Awakening notably altered the religious climate in the American colonies. Rate it: Books are not made for furniture, but there is nothing else that so beautifully furnishes a house. [18] Cane Ridge was also instrumental in fostering what became known as the Restoration Movement, which consisted of non-denominational churches committed to what they viewed as the original, fundamental Christianity of the New Testament. Mentored by Timothy Dwight at Yale, he emerged a fiery, earnest, and revival-minded young minister just at the cusp of the Second Great Awakening. Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, Elizabeth J.Clapp, and Julie Roy Jeffrey, ed., Women, Dissent and Anti-slavery in Britain and America, 1790–1865, (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2011): 13–14, Barbara Welter, "The Feminization of American Religion: 1800–1860," in Clio's Consciousness Raised, edited by Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner. A primitive faith based on the Bible alone promised a way to sidestep the competing claims of the many denominations available and for congregations to find assurance of being right without the security of an established national church. The congregations of these denomination were committed to individuals' achieving a personal relationship with Christ. Beecher married three times, after becoming a widower twice, and fathered 13 children. The Disestablishment of Religion and Lyman Beecher (he is a good example of the Great Awakening) One of the issues coming out of the Revolution is, what do we do … The people of the Second Great Awakening thought they could bring about a Golden Age in America through religion. It was amid these circumstances that Lyman Beecher stood before his congregation in Litchfield , Connecticut, to deliver a series of sermons on the nature and dangers of intemperance. Register Familypedia. Historians named the Second Great Awakening in the context of the First Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1750s and of the Third Great Awakening of the late 1850s to early 1900s. It was led by people such as Charles Grandison Finney, Henry Ward Beecher, Lyman Beecher, E dward Everett and Joseph Smith. [44] More active participation in politics by more segments of the population brought religious and moral issues into the political sphere. Beecher and his peers were greatly influenced by the Second Great Awakening, a Protestant religious revival of the early 1800s, firmly committed to abolishing slavery. Varel, David A. Through his religious studies, Beecher became enrapt in the question of slavery. Leaders such as Charles Finney saw women's public prayer as a crucial aspect in preparing a community for revival and improving their efficacy in conversion. The Second Great Awakening, which spread religion through revival meetings and emotional preaching, sparked a number of reform movements. Following in the footsteps of his father and his five brothers, Henry Ward displayed an early interest in religion. The six-day gathering attracting perhaps as many as 20,000 people, although the exact number of attendees was not formally recorded. Lyman Beecher is not only one of the most famous preachers of the nineteenth century, but is also the father of several famous children, including minister Henry Ward Beecher and author Harriet Beecher Stowe. [32], Women, who made up the majority of converts during the Awakening, played a crucial role in its development and focus. (C less socially and theologically diverse. Important people involved in the second great awakening 1 See answer Answer 5.0 /5 1. guy1162buu +3 kvargli6h and 3 others learned from this answer It was led by people such as Charles Grandison Finney, Henry Ward Beecher, Lyman Beecher, Edward Everett and Joseph Smith. Add new page. Richard Allen, the other black attendee, was ordained by the Methodists in 1799, but his congregation of free African Americans in Philadelphia left the church there because of its discrimination. Second Great Awakening Timothy Dwight, Lyman Beecher , Nathaniel W. Taylor, and Asahel Nettleton. The Second Great Awakening led to two movements in reform, that is, changing laws and behaviors to make society better. They formed political movements, including the Liberty Party, the Free Soil Party and the Republican Party (United States). He had 13 children, many of whom became notable people, including Harriet Beecher Stowe, Henry Ward Beecher, Charles Beecher, Edward Beecher, Isabella Beecher Hooker, Catharine Beecher … [14] Upon their return home, most converts joined or created small local churches, which grew rapidly. Beecher was influential in the Second Great Awakening, along with Charles Finney, Barton Stone and Peter Cartwright. [41], Protestant religious revival in the early 19th-century United States, George M. Fredrickson, "The Coming of the Lord: The Northern Protestant Clergy and the Civil War Crisis," in. Nicely framed, 13.75 x 16.75, art is 11 x 14. In the 1830s, female moral reform societies rapidly spread across the North making it the first predominantly female social movement. In 1826, during the Second Great Awakening, Protestant faiths drew new converts across the United States and a renewed focus fell upon proper social and religious behaviors. Known commonly as antebellum reform, this phenomenon included reforms against the consumption of alcohol, for women's rights and abolition of slavery, and a multitude of other issues faced by society. Search Sign In Don't have an account? These often provided the first encounter for some settlers with organized religion, and they were important as social venues. A year later, in August 1801, an even larger sacrament occasion that is generally considered to be America's first camp meeting was held at Cane Ridge in Bourbon County, Kentucky, under Barton W. Stone (1772–1844) with numerous Presbyterian, Baptist, and Methodist ministers participating in the services. To a lesser extent the Presbyterians also gained members, particularly with the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in sparsely settled areas. The idea of restoring a "primitive" form of Christianity grew in popularity in the U.S. after the American Revolution. The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States. [24]:368 Publication and education societies promoted Christian education; most notable among them was the American Bible Society, founded in 1816. Soon after, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (AME Zion) was founded as another denomination in New York City. 19th Century chromolithograph of a photo of Henry Ward Beecher. Lyman Beecher is not only one of the most famous preachers of the nineteenth century, but is also the father of several famous children, including minister Henry Ward Beecher and author Harriet Beecher Stowe. The other was abolitionism, which wanted to end slavery. Most of the Scots-Irish immigrants before the American Revolutionary War settled in the backcountry of Pennsylvania and down the spine of the Appalachian Mountains in present-day Maryland and Virginia, where Presbyterian emigrants and Baptists held large outdoor gatherings in the years prior to the war. Henry Ward Beecher (Litchfield, Connecticut; 24 de junio de 1813 - Brooklyn, Nueva York; 8 de marzo de 1887) fue un clérigo congregacionalista estadounidense y prominente abolicionista de la esclavitud.. Biografía. The Methodists had an efficient organization that depended on itinerant ministers, known as "circuit riders", who sought out people in remote frontier locations. Revivals were a key part of the movement and attracted hundreds of converts to new Protestant denominations. [23]:89 Several factors made the restoration sentiment particularly appealing during this time period:[23]:90–94, The Restoration Movement began during, and was greatly influenced by, the Second Great Awakening. At its core, the Awakening changed the way that people experienced God. The Second Great Awakening began in the last decade of the 18th century and reached its peak in the second half of the 19th century, in the revivalist oratory and hymnody of camp ... and Henry Ward Beecher provided high drama, and elicited intense emotional responses from the congregation. [21], The Advent Movement emerged in the 1830s and 1840s in North America, and was preached by ministers such as William Miller, whose followers became known as Millerites. The outpouring of religious fervor and revival began in Kentucky and Tennessee in the 1790s and early 1800s among the Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists. [23]:89–94 This desire to restore a purer form of Christianity without an elaborate hierarchy contributed to the development of many groups during the Second Great Awakening, including the Latter Day Saints, Baptists and Shakers. [11], On the American frontier, evangelical denominations, especially Methodists and Baptists, sent missionary preachers and exhorters to meet the people in the backcountry in an effort to support the growth of church membership and the formation of new congregations. The first informal camp meeting began in June, when people began camping on the grounds of the Red River Meeting House. Henry Ward Beecher, (born June 24, 1813, Litchfield, Conn., U.S.—died March 8, 1887, Brooklyn, N.Y.), liberal U.S. Congregational minister whose oratorical skill and social concern made him one of the most influential Protestant spokesmen of his time.. 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